Building Brains: Early Development and Learning in Young Children

Building Brains: Early Development and Learning in Young Children

🎙 Transcript

ENGLISH AND ARABIC

Early Brain Development

Guest: Dr. Claudine Habak

00:00
I'm Melissa.

00:01
And I'm Lea and we are busy mums, company founders and all round early learning nerds. Welcome to our podcast, Growing Little Humans. Kids aren't born with a user manual so each week we'll try and cover many topics that you guys encounter and worry about each and every day while you're raising your little humans. Dr. Claudine Habak is a cognitive neuroscientist with a PhD in neuropsychology and cognitive

00:31
mental life span, child to ageing. She focuses on how context and experience interact with emotional, cognitive function to facilitate learning, creativity and wellbeing, along with the role of empathy in student and educator relationships and wellness. She is an Associate Professor of Counselling, Special Education and Neuroscience at ECAE, where she co-founded the program in Educational Neuroscience. Hi Dr. Habak, thank you so much for joining us. We've been really interested to have you on

01:01
because brain development in young children 0 to 8 years is really critical to their development. And I think that perhaps we all don't understand how critical it is. Can you explain to us a little bit about how the brain develops in those first early years of life? So, thank you, it's a pleasure to be here. And in terms of children's brain development, what we see is that early on their born with quite a large number of brain cells. So, there are quite a few different things that happen at this stage of development.

01:31
What we really want to focus on, one of the aspects that's most important, is the myelination. So, when we see changes in abilities arising and things like that, it usually happens after myelination has happened, which is when the nerve fibers in the brain and in other parts of the body as well get wrapped in fat. It's a healthy type of fat. So that's why people say, have your omega-3s, for example, because those are the building

02:01
blocks for that. So that's when we start seeing things. But children's brains are actually capable of much more than what we're seeing. So, it's just that's when the transmission of the information in the brain happens much faster, much more quickly. And the other thing that happens is that based on the experiences, the connections actually start to get pruned the same way a plant will grow stronger after we prune it a little bit. It'll grow

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you know, more strongly essentially. So, a bit of pruning happens as well naturally, just based on the experiences that the child is having. Okay, so those are the main aspects. Yes, so that's really, really interesting that the pruning is based on their experiences. So how can we, you know, encourage and increase those experiences for children? Okay, so basically let them, you know, have rich experiences. So, what is a rich experience? And it involves having

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different materials to interact with. Now we don't want to clutter their environments, right? It's just about having materials that they can actually explore and interact with. So having something like a cardboard box is actually

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much more, has much more opportunities for exploration than a fixed toy with a certain set of rules that they can't go beyond. We always want to seem to buy children toys all the time, but quite often it is just things like cardboard boxes and cooking utensils that they'll automatically kind of go towards instead of a toy. Exactly, and that's because that's what allows the most space for exploration.

03:41
Oh, exactly. So that's exactly what we want to do to encourage brain development. The other thing that most people tend to focus on is those academic skills. But really what we do want to develop most is what we call the life skills, or the executive functioning skills. So, the entire brain works together as a whole, but we have the executive function skills

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part, the frontal part of the brain here, the prefrontal cortex in particular. And that's actually got the longest developmental timeline compared to any other part. So that develops first? It starts developing early on, the whole brain starts developing early on, but this actually continues to develop until we're well into our late 20s, early 30s. And that's the part of the brain that basically helps us to plan and get organized

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and set goals. So, you can imagine anything you want to achieve in terms of having a successful life needs planning and organization and setting goals and being able to achieve those goals. So those are the skills that we actually really want to develop in early childhood in particular because then it carries us through other ages as well.

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So, any activity where children are given the opportunity to plan or to build an experience with you instead of adults handing them an experience, you know, asking them. You're dictating it. Exactly, you're dictating it, exactly. So just giving them opportunities to be able to

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tell us what they want and what they think is needed for something. Which is why learning through play is an important experience because it's allowing them to explore and to move the direction of playing that as they see fit. Exactly, that's actually a great point in terms of moving it the way they see fit. So, the principles of play are really being able to explore, being able to lead your own learning, so moving things in the way that you see fit and enjoying it. And that's, and really what

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a lot of adults seem to think of play as this frivolous thing but it's actually, for children, it's actually work. It's the way they work and learn. And we don't really see what they're capable of if we're planning it all for them. We don't really see what

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like you said, their interests, but also if we've planned it for them, then we can't see the, they can't learn the process of planning themselves, or we don't really know what they're capable of because we've given them something for them to act out or to act on. So, I think that it's really, really important to let them sort of lead the way and let them plan and then stand in their support and facilitate but let them sort of lead the way. Exactly. Yes. But it's interesting too that just that whole process is actually what's

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assisting their brain development. Letting them do that planning and exploring, we as adults don't realize that's actually part of their brain development process. Exactly, so in terms of brain development, it's brain development can't happen in a vacuum. So yes, people tend to think of there are these fixed biological stages of development, but that's not at all the way development actually happens. It really is constant, there's this constant exchange with the environment and constant exchange of

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what's going on around us that helps to stimulate that brain development. So, it's a two-way street. It doesn't, you know, it's not the biology driving what children can do. It's the biology and the experiences that feed each other and then we see these, you know, life skills start to be formed. And I think we often, obviously brain development is probably constantly ongoing, but

07:43
I read somewhere recently, Dr. Habak was saying that a considerable amount of our entire brain development does happen in that 0-8 years, 0-5 years stage and so that's why it is so important for us to provide stimulation during that time so that, because if you're not providing enough stimulation, your brain won't develop as much as it could if it was receiving the stimulation.

08:13
Yeah, that's a great point, absolutely. So, what we see is that, so that's where the role of, you know, the role of a really, a truly artful teacher comes in because then they can design these experiences for children that give them the space to really foster those aspects that we want. So, 0 to 8 is one of the fastest periods of brain development and growth and

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that's where so much, that's why the experiences are so important at that age, because it really, again, that two-way street comes in and you really have that interaction between the fast biological aspect along with the nurturing environment coming in. So, then you can really maximize that. And what's really interesting is that the second fastest period of development for the brain is during the teenage years.

09:09
So having that strong...

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supportive environment, positive environment to help the brain develop at the early ages also carries us through those teen years and through adulthood as well and that's why it's so important to have those really rich play you know well planned play experiences so that kids can really thrive in that environment and that gives them what we want to build

09:43
and that's where we need to focus on those aspects of brain development. Thanks for explaining that because I know everyone always talks about, oh, when they're young their minds like a sponge, their brains like a sponge. Absolutely. And you hear that, and you think, okay, well, how so? So, it's sort of really explaining why they are really sponges at that time. And it's really interesting that you're talking about how that's going to follow on for their teenage years. And I think sometimes parents look at things as, you know, these are the younger years, then there's the teenage years and the adult years.

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We talk about in education a lot, building on the building blocks. It sounds like this is your foundation for your brain development and then we're going to build on that and so forth. And it's not just your educational development that's important too, it's social, emotional, cognitive, executive skills. Yes, exactly, thank you. So that's exactly part of the executive skills is

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or those life skills is also self-regulation. So, when we think of child development, it really is, it's not academic skills. It really is, you know, cognitive. So how do we develop their thinking, their language, because it's really, you know, you need to be able to express yourself. So, the language aspect is very important

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and also, language expression actually helps the development of those executive functions, and you know those life skills that we were talking about because there's a lot of planning and organization

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involved before you actually say something or do something. And is that expressed with the little ones with their frustration sometimes because they can't express how they're actually feeling. So, it's all working. Exactly. And that's why the emotional and that's why we really focus on the five domains of development holistically. We have to make sure that they're all supported so that, you know, like we said, thinking, we forgot physical, emotional, social.

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cultural, so all of those aspects are really important to support throughout. Their coordination and everything because you know balance and fine motor skills with learning to hold their pencils and those types of things. It's amazing actually, so much is going on. It's all going on at the same time and I think that because the physical aspect is so easy to see, you know, and then children's first words, you know, or second words or third and fourth sentence

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are always striking moments to people.

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But I think that really trying to remember that there are other aspects that are equally important that are less visible. So, helping children, you know, deal with their emotions, understand what emotions are. So, most people, most families don't really talk about emotions very much, you know, in our current world. It's just something that is, and it's actually very important. So that's, you know, to help children identify emotions and okay, when, you know, why?

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Exactly, so you're crying, what does it mean? Are you sad? Are you frustrated? Are you angry? You know, there can be different

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meanings to that outward expression. So, it's important to help them identify that and then use that to help them self-regulate and that's a huge aspect of those executive function skills that we want to support the development of for brain development. And I think sometimes parents need to say, you know, I'm upset because of this and then children get a lot more, they've seen mentoring from their parents, it's okay to express how you're feeling and say how you feel. If you are

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just in a bad mood, nobody can read your mind. So, I'm feeling grumpy because I didn't sleep well last night, or something happened so that they feel confident and to express their emotions as well. That's a great point. What happens, a lot of parents don't know how to express their emotions though. So sometimes it's, I think really understanding emotions is something we all know what emotions are, but knowing how to work with them is something that really needs to be, that we need to learn. It's really difficult

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verbalizing, it's really just teaching children that this is what mummy's feeling and it's okay to say that and you know showing the way essentially. And so is there just as much like children are obviously growing up are having positive and negative experiences. So, do positive and negative equally impact on their brain development? Absolutely

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in childhood, and those adverse events can have a very strong negative impact. At the same time, where that negative happens, it can also, the positives can equally help, you know. So, a strong negative and a strong positive can both, you know, work in the same way, essentially

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in some cases, worse than abuse in terms of effects on the brain because of

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all the dimensions that are lacking in those cases. But certainly, we try to focus, especially if you're in the education sector like yourselves, you definitely want to focus on all the positive experiences you can possibly give these children, or all children really, because we often don't know what's going on at home. So, yes. Definitely. And so, Dr. Habak, are there any things that parents at home can be trying to do? I mean, obviously in an early learning,

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environment, you know, teachers and educators are actively working to stimulate the children every day. But how about when the children are at home, like what can their parents be doing to just ensure that they're helping that brain development? So, I would talk to them, involve them in whatever the parents are doing. So, if someone is cooking at home and if a parent doesn't cook, then, you know, pull out a recipe book and cook something. Treat it as an experiment. If it works out, it works out.

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It doesn't have to be perfect. I personally, my cakes come out very hard, but you know, kids do experience. They're not very edible. They're not very edible, but you know, it's still an experience that children enjoy doing. Like, you know, I bake cakes with my kids. We didn't necessarily eat the cakes, but we did

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eat other meals that we prepare together. So, you know, so certainly just anything that they can be involved and help with the planning, and they really do like to be involved. So, you know, unfortunately nowadays there is a lot of reliance on screens for children. And

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the evidence has been coming in that it does have a negative impact, definitely. And I think the main issue with that is that how long children spend on the screens and that takes away from everything else that they could and should be experiencing to promote their brain development. They're really just doing one thing all the time without any social interactions. So, if they're spending, so it's too much time on the screen, if they're having a small amount of time, is that having a positive impact?

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In early childhood it's not. It's not necessarily having a positive impact at all because I mean some things in terms of assistive technology, if it's something that could help someone who has

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difficulty with something then yes then it is positive but in general it you know unless there's a real-world aspect to that they can you know relate it to. Perhaps something that's educationally stimulating them but even then, I'm sure you know there's a limit because it doesn't involve human interaction does it when we're watching a screen so you're not getting that perspective. No exactly and that's the biggest the biggest aspect is

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is the social interaction. But then there are things, for example, for a long time, so Sesame Street, so children watching an episode of Sesame Street actually in the long run seem to have beneficial effects. So again, small doses of the right kind of screen are. And I think that kind of screen time, like the old school kind of screen time, Sesame Street is a little bit different than the screen time now

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because it's much more interactive, isn't it? Like you know they'll get up and they'll be singing and dancing whereas now they're kind of sitting on an iPad a little bit more and it's, I don't know, it's not a dozen things. Yeah and not as busy I think, there was like one sort of thing going on in Sesame Street and now they're sort of, when you see some of those screens they're so busy and there's so much going on and you see little ones so focused and you know hyper focused if, you know and to try to get them away from that, I know my parents saying

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that's where there's a real struggle for them. So that's- It's a very different kind of stimulation. It's almost, it's an over stimulation essentially. Now on the flip side of things getting, children getting absorbed into things, when children are absorbed in play and the type of constructive play that does help their brain development and they say they'd like longer, then by all means let them have longer in that type of exploratory interaction. I guess if they're doing like a puzzle or if they're constructing with blocks

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they're actually almost like problem-solving, aren't they? Exactly. Like their minds are actively having to address the next part of what they're doing. And it's causing connections in the brain. I know in the classroom we would always have like a Lego area and I'd always be saying, let's just leave that and then tomorrow we can build on that some more, put some paper or some pencils there so we can draw something or maybe put like something different in there and they'd come in the morning and be like, whoa, there's like lemon in the middle of our blocks. And what do you think that

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means and then they go off on a whole different sort of tangent depending on what their interests are and their curiosity. So, if they're having an imaginary walk through the jungle and having an adventure then leave it and don't just build on it, don't pack it up at the end of the day or at home. Exactly. Or ask them questions about the, oh where are you going next? Can I come with you? So, I think that's responsive engagement with the children and just

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letting them lead, you know, and so on, going with their interests. Yes So, Dr. Habak, what I'm hearing from you with everything we've been discussing is that play-based learning is definitely the better style of interaction that children, we should be putting children into at these, in these early stages. Yes, well actually many of us would argue that it's the only type of learning that's needed. We agree. Or that should be going on, and actually not just in early childhood,

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that should be going on for life as well. So, you know, that can happen slowly. You know, some people are trying, so hopefully it'll get there. So, it's definitely something that when parents are seeking out somewhere to send their children in those younger years, they should be looking at what type of a curriculum it is. Yes. Because there's quite a lot out there that's more rote based. I think one of the aspects to really pay attention to is that you have these real trusting relationships

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within the environment so that children really do feel comfortable because some places and some people say all the right things but then the children still don't feel comfortable so I think it's important to listen to our children and see what they have to say because that really know and sometimes they don't know how to express it they'll just say I just don't want I don't want to do this or I have a stomachache you know a lot of children don't want too,

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And they're not making it up. It's just that when it's the way our brain and bodies work together, when we're experiencing stress or worry or anxiousness. Yes.

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A lot of people do get a real stomachache out of it. So, you know, just listen to those experiences. And I think also if a child is really enjoying something, just take the time to speak to the educator who's working with your child and see what those interests are and how you can have them going at home as well. One other thing that's really important, last one I think for now, is outdoor experiences.

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As much as possible for children to be outdoors in nature with nature experience. It's just study after study is coming in on how important that is for all aspects of brain development, including mental health later on. So those aspects are, you know, getting children and people outside. Just, again, the number of studies showing innumerable benefits is really powerful

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to get outdoors as much as we can. Yes, and I think it's really important just to remember that as parents, not as educators, but as parents, that basically every moment with your child is almost a learning experience. And I know, I actually feel like when my kids were little that I would dumb things down too much, thinking that I shouldn't use too big of words or anything that's too complex. But I think in actual fact it's probably the opposite,

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just be yourself and not try and dumb anything down because it's actually all a learning experience. Exactly. I mean there are some tribal cultures in parts of Africa that one year olds will handle a machete. Yes. So, it can be very scary for others to see that but at age one they're working with a machete alongside their parents.

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So children are definitely very capable of learning so many things. And like you said, yes, no need to dumb it down. Just have the go, maybe using simpler words until they learn the more complex words. But otherwise, just certainly just speaking to them the way we would to an adult. And if they don't know, they'll ask why, because as an early year's teacher, I had why, why? I lost count of how many why's I got in a day. But that's great. That's normal

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and know it supports their development. And I think that's an aspect that we experience as parents sometimes is a bit of frustration with like, oh my gosh, another question. But really, you know, or what are they doing now? You know, where are they climbing? But those are all

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exploratory behaviors and a sign that they're thinking and that they're exploring and finding out more about the world which is again supporting their brain development. So, we want them to do those things. Amazing. Well, thank you Dr. Habak, we've really enjoyed talking with you today and I think we've probably all learned a lot and it's been lovely. Thank you. Thank you, it's been a pleasure being here. Thank you. And here come the Legals, our podcast is purely brought to you for

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We are just two hectic mums, and we are certainly not licensed therapists. This podcast is not intended as a substitute for the advice of licensed or qualified professionals and if you do need some help, please seek out some professional advice.

بودكاست GLH – نص المقابلة مع الدكتورة كلودين حباك
00:00
أنا ميليسا.
00:01
وأنا ليا، نحن أمهات مشغولات، مؤسِسات شركة، ومهتمات جدًا بالتعلم المبكر. مرحبًا بكم في بودكاست "تربية البشر الصغار" (Growing Little Humans). الأطفال لا يُولدون ومعهم دليل استخدام، لذا نحاول كل أسبوع تناول العديد من المواضيع التي تواجهونها وتقلقون بشأنها أثناء تربية صغاركم.
الدكتورة كلودين حباك هي عالمة أعصاب معرفية حاصلة على دكتوراه في علم النفس العصبي والمعرفي عبر مراحل الحياة من الطفولة إلى الشيخوخة. تركز على كيفية تفاعل السياق والتجربة مع الوظائف العاطفية والمعرفية لتعزيز التعلم والإبداع والرفاهية، إلى جانب دور التعاطف في علاقات الطلاب والمعلمين وصحتهم النفسية.
تشغل منصب أستاذ مشارك في الإرشاد والتعليم الخاص وعلوم الأعصاب في كلية الإمارات للتعليم المتقدم (ECAE)، حيث شاركت في تأسيس برنامج علم الأعصاب التربوي. مرحبًا د. حباك، نشكرك جزيل الشكر على انضمامك إلينا. كنا متحمسين جدًا لاستضافتك لأن نمو الدماغ لدى الأطفال الصغار من سن 0 إلى 8 سنوات أمر بالغ الأهمية. أعتقد أننا جميعًا لا ندرك مدى أهمية هذه المرحلة حقًا. هل يمكنكِ أن توضحي لنا قليلاً كيف ينمو الدماغ خلال هذه السنوات الأولى من الحياة؟
01:01
شكرًا، إنه لمن دواعي سروري أن أكون هنا. فيما يتعلق بنمو دماغ الأطفال، نرى أن الأطفال يولدون بعدد كبير جدًا من الخلايا العصبية. هناك العديد من العمليات التي تحدث في هذه المرحلة من النمو.
01:31
إحدى العمليات المهمة التي يجب التركيز عليها هي التميلين (Myelination). عندما نلاحظ تطور المهارات الجديدة لدى الطفل، يكون ذلك عادةً بعد حدوث عملية التميلين، وهي عملية يتم فيها تغليف الألياف العصبية في الدماغ والأنحاء الأخرى من الجسم بطبقة من الدهون. إنها دهون صحية، ولهذا السبب يُنصح بتناول أوميغا 3، لأنها من اللبنات الأساسية لهذه العملية.
بمجرد أن يحدث التميلين، تبدأ المعلومات في الانتقال داخل الدماغ بسرعة أكبر. كما أن الدماغ يقوم بعملية التشذيب العصبي (Synaptic Pruning)، وهي مشابهة لعملية تقليم النبات ليصبح أكثر قوة. يحدث هذا بناءً على تجارب الطفل، حيث يتم تعزيز الوصلات العصبية التي تُستخدم بكثرة، بينما يتم التخلص من غير المستخدمة.
02:31
هذا مثير جدًا للاهتمام، خاصة أن التشذيب العصبي يعتمد على التجربة. كيف يمكننا تعزيز تجارب الأطفال لدعم هذا التطور؟
02:58
ببساطة، من خلال توفير تجارب غنية ومتنوعة. لكن هذا لا يعني تكديس بيئتهم بالأشياء، بل منحهم مواد يمكنهم استكشافها والتفاعل معها.
على سبيل المثال، صندوق من الكرتون يمنح الطفل فرصًا للاستكشاف أكثر من لعبة ذات قواعد ثابتة.
03:11
غالبًا ما نميل إلى شراء الألعاب للأطفال، لكنهم ينجذبون بشكل طبيعي إلى الأشياء العادية مثل الصناديق الكرتونية وأدوات المطبخ أكثر من الألعاب الجاهزة.
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بالتأكيد، وهذا لأن هذه الأشياء تمنحهم مجالًا أكبر للاستكشاف والإبداع.
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يركز معظم الناس على المهارات الأكاديمية، لكن الأهم في هذه المرحلة هو تنمية ما يسمى المهارات الحياتية أو الوظائف التنفيذية.
الدماغ يعمل كوحدة متكاملة، ولكن الفص الجبهي (Prefrontal Cortex)، وهو الجزء المسؤول عن التخطيط والتنظيم وتحديد الأهداف، يستمر في التطور حتى أواخر العشرينيات أو أوائل الثلاثينيات من العمر.
04:40
بما أن التخطيط والتنظيم ضروريان لأي نجاح في الحياة، فمن المهم تطوير هذه المهارات منذ الطفولة لأنها تدعم الطفل في جميع المراحل اللاحقة من حياته.
05:06
لذا، أي نشاط يمنح الطفل فرصة للتخطيط أو تجربة شيء جديد بنفسه دون أن يُملى عليه كل شيء يعزز هذا التطور.
05:24
وهذا هو السبب في أن التعلم من خلال اللعب مهم جدًا، لأنه يسمح للأطفال بتوجيه تجربتهم واستكشاف العالم بطريقتهم الخاصة.
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يعتقد العديد من البالغين أن اللعب شيء تافه، لكنه في الواقع وسيلة العمل والتعلم الأساسية للأطفال. عندما نخطط كل شيء لهم، لا نرى قدراتهم الحقيقية، كما أننا لا نمنحهم فرصة لتطوير مهارات التخطيط الذاتي.
06:44
كل هذه العمليات تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في تطور الدماغ. على الرغم من أن بعض الناس يعتقدون أن النمو يحدث وفق مراحل بيولوجية ثابتة، إلا أن الحقيقة هي أن التطور عملية ديناميكية تعتمد على التفاعل المستمر مع البيئة.
نص بودكاست GLH - د. كلودين حباك
07:14
ما يحدث من حولنا يساعد في تحفيز تطور الدماغ. إنه طريق ذو اتجاهين، فلا يتعلق الأمر فقط بالبيولوجيا التي تحدد ما يمكن للأطفال القيام به، بل هو تفاعل مستمر بين البيولوجيا والتجارب التي تغذي بعضها البعض، ومن ثم نرى كيف تتشكل المهارات الحياتية.
07:43
أعتقد أننا غالبًا ما نلاحظ أن تطور الدماغ مستمر، ولكن قرأتُ مؤخرًا أن د. حباك أشارت إلى أن جزءًا كبيرًا من نمو الدماغ بأكمله يحدث خلال السنوات من 0 إلى 8، وخاصة من 0 إلى 5 سنوات. وهذا ما يجعل توفير التحفيز خلال هذه الفترة أمرًا في غاية الأهمية، لأنه إذا لم يكن هناك تحفيز كافٍ، فلن يتطور الدماغ كما يمكن أن يحدث لو تلقى التحفيز المناسب.
08:13
نعم، هذه نقطة رائعة، تمامًا. وهنا يأتي دور المعلم الماهر الذي يستطيع تصميم تجارب للأطفال تمنحهم المساحة اللازمة لتعزيز تلك الجوانب التي نرغب في تطويرها. فالفترة بين 0 إلى 8 سنوات تعد من أسرع الفترات لنمو الدماغ، ولذلك فإن التجارب التي يمر بها الطفل خلال هذه المرحلة تكون ذات تأثير كبير جدًا.
08:43
ولهذا السبب، نجد أن البيئة الداعمة والتفاعل مع المحيط يلعبان دورًا محوريًا في تعزيز هذا النمو السريع من الناحية البيولوجية. وما يثير الاهتمام أيضًا هو أن ثاني أسرع فترة لنمو الدماغ تحدث خلال سنوات المراهقة.
09:09
لذلك فإن وجود بيئة داعمة وإيجابية منذ الصغر يساعد في تطوير الدماغ خلال سنوات المراهقة وحتى مرحلة البلوغ. ولهذا السبب، من المهم جدًا توفير تجارب لعب غنية ومخطط لها بعناية، مما يسمح للأطفال بالنمو والازدهار في بيئة محفزة، والتي بدورها تبني ما نريد تنميته لديهم.
09:43
شكرًا لك على توضيح ذلك، لأن الجميع دائمًا ما يتحدث عن أن عقول الأطفال "كالإسفنج" في سنواتهم الأولى. ونسمع هذه العبارة كثيرًا، ولكن من المهم فهم كيف يحدث ذلك تحديدًا. فمن المثير للاهتمام أن هذه المرحلة لا تؤثر فقط على التعليم، بل تمتد إلى المهارات الاجتماعية، والعاطفية، والإدراكية، والتنظيمية أيضًا.
10:13
نحن نتحدث في مجال التعليم عن بناء الأساسيات، ويبدو أن هذه المرحلة هي الأساس لنمو الدماغ، والتي سيتم البناء عليها في المراحل التالية. فليس التعليم فقط هو المهم، بل المهارات التنفيذية والاجتماعية والعاطفية أيضًا.
10:36
نعم، بالضبط، وهذا يشمل أيضًا مهارة التنظيم الذاتي. عندما نفكر في نمو الطفل، لا يقتصر الأمر على المهارات الأكاديمية فقط، بل يشمل أيضًا التفكير، وتطوير اللغة، لأن القدرة على التعبير عن النفس أمر بالغ الأهمية.
10:56
كما أن التعبير اللغوي يساعد في تطوير الوظائف التنفيذية والمهارات الحياتية التي تحدثنا عنها، لأنه يتطلب الكثير من التخطيط والتنظيم قبل التحدث أو القيام بأي تصرف.
11:07
وهل يظهر ذلك لدى الأطفال الصغار في شكل إحباط عندما لا يستطيعون التعبير عن مشاعرهم؟
11:12
تمامًا، ولهذا السبب نركز على الجوانب الخمسة للنمو بشكل شامل، فلابد من دعمها جميعًا: الإدراكي، واللغوي، والعاطفي، والاجتماعي، والثقافي.
11:37
كما أن التنسيق الحركي مهم جدًا، مثل التوازن والمهارات الحركية الدقيقة كتعلم الإمساك بالقلم. هناك الكثير مما يحدث في الوقت نفسه، وعادةً ما نلاحظ الجوانب الجسدية بوضوح، مثل الكلمات الأولى للطفل، ولكن هناك جوانب أخرى غير مرئية بنفس القدر ولكنها لا تقل أهمية.
12:07
ومن بين هذه الجوانب، مساعدة الأطفال على فهم مشاعرهم والتعامل معها. فكثير من الأسر لا تتحدث كثيرًا عن المشاعر، ولكن هذا جانب مهم جدًا يجب تعزيزه.
12:42
على سبيل المثال، عندما يبكي الطفل، علينا مساعدته على فهم سبب بكائه، هل هو حزين؟ أم محبط؟ أم غاضب؟ فالبكاء يمكن أن يعبر عن مشاعر مختلفة، ومن المهم مساعدة الأطفال في التعرف عليها وتنظيمها، لأن ذلك يعد جزءًا أساسيًا من تطوير المهارات التنفيذية.
13:19
كما أن على الآباء أيضًا التعبير عن مشاعرهم بوضوح، فمثلاً يمكنهم قول: "أنا منزعج لأنني لم أنم جيدًا الليلة الماضية." فهذا يمنح الأطفال نموذجًا إيجابيًا للتعبير عن مشاعرهم، مما يعزز ثقتهم في التعبير عن أنفسهم.
13:48
لكن بعض الآباء قد يجدون صعوبة في التعبير عن مشاعرهم. لذا، فإن تعلم كيفية التعامل مع العواطف يعد أمرًا ضروريًا يحتاج الجميع إلى تطويره.
12:49
وبالطبع، ينمو الأطفال من خلال تجارب إيجابية وسلبية. فهل تؤثر التجارب الإيجابية والسلبية بنفس القدر على نمو الدماغ؟
بالتأكيد!
14:18
في مرحلة الطفولة، يمكن أن يكون للأحداث السلبية تأثير قوي جدًا وسلبي. وفي الوقت نفسه، حيثما يحدث ذلك التأثير السلبي، يمكن أيضًا أن تساهم التأثيرات الإيجابية في المساعدة بشكل متساوٍ. لذا، يمكن أن يكون للتأثير السلبي القوي والتأثير الإيجابي القوي تأثير مماثل من حيث الآلية.
14:47
في بعض الحالات، يكون تأثير ذلك أسوأ من سوء المعاملة من حيث تأثيره على الدماغ بسبب جميع الأبعاد التي تفتقر إليها هذه الحالات. ولكن بالتأكيد، نحن نحاول التركيز، خاصة إذا كنتم في قطاع التعليم كما هو حالكم، على جميع التجارب الإيجابية الممكنة التي يمكنكم تقديمها لهؤلاء الأطفال، أو لجميع الأطفال بشكل عام، لأننا غالبًا لا نعلم ما يحدث في المنزل.
15:24
إذن، د. حباك، هل هناك أشياء يمكن للوالدين القيام بها في المنزل؟ أعني، من الواضح أنه في بيئة التعلم المبكر، يعمل المعلمون والمربون بنشاط على تحفيز الأطفال كل يوم. ولكن ماذا عن الوقت الذي يقضيه الأطفال في المنزل؟ كيف يمكن للوالدين المساعدة في تطوير أدمغة أطفالهم؟
يمكنهم التحدث معهم وإشراكهم في أي شيء يقوم به الوالدان. على سبيل المثال، إذا كان أحد الوالدين يطهو في المنزل، وإذا لم يكن يطهو، فيمكنه إخراج كتاب وصفات وطهي شيء ما. يمكن اعتباره تجربة. إذا نجح الأمر، فهذا رائع، وإذا لم ينجح، فلا بأس.
15:54
ليس من الضروري أن يكون مثالياً. شخصيًا، كعكاتي تخرج صلبة جدًا، ولكن الأطفال يستمتعون بالتجربة. ربما لم تكن الكعكات صالحة للأكل تمامًا، ولكننا استمتعنا بتجربة الطهي معًا، واستمتعنا بالأطباق الأخرى التي قمنا بتحضيرها سويًا. لذا، من الجيد إشراك الأطفال في التخطيط. فهم يحبون أن يكونوا جزءًا من العملية. للأسف، هناك اعتماد كبير على الشاشات في الوقت الحاضر.
16:33
وقد أظهرت الأدلة أن لذلك تأثيرًا سلبيًا بالتأكيد. أعتقد أن المشكلة الأساسية تكمن في الوقت الذي يقضيه الأطفال على الشاشات، والذي يأخذ من وقتهم الذي يمكن أن يُستثمر في تجارب أكثر فائدة لنمو الدماغ. فهم يقومون بشيء واحد طوال الوقت دون أي تفاعل اجتماعي. إذن، إذا كان الوقت الذي يقضونه على الشاشة طويلاً، فهل هذا يؤثر سلبًا؟
17:03
في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة، لا يمكن اعتباره مؤثرًا إيجابيًا بشكل عام. ولكن هناك بعض الحالات مثل استخدام التكنولوجيا المساعدة للأطفال الذين يعانون من صعوبات معينة، فقد يكون لها تأثير إيجابي. ولكن بشكل عام، إذا لم يكن هناك ارتباط بالعالم الواقعي، فمن الصعب أن يكون لها تأثير إيجابي.
17:48
أكبر مشكلة هي قلة التفاعل الاجتماعي. ولكن هناك بعض البرامج مثل "شارع سمسم"، حيث تبين أن مشاهدة الأطفال لحلقاته قد يكون لها آثار إيجابية على المدى الطويل. إذن، جرعات صغيرة من النوع الصحيح من المحتوى يمكن أن تكون مفيدة.
18:18
ولكن طبيعة مشاهدة الأطفال للشاشات تغيرت، فقد كان "شارع سمسم" يشجع على التفاعل مثل الغناء والرقص، بينما الآن، يقضي الأطفال وقتهم أمام الأجهزة اللوحية بشكل أكثر سلبية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، بعض التطبيقات والبرامج الحديثة مليئة بالمحفزات البصرية، مما يجعل من الصعب فصل الأطفال عنها، وهذا ما يواجهه العديد من الآباء اليوم.
18:48
ولكن على الجانب الآخر، عندما يكون الأطفال مستغرقين في اللعب البنّاء الذي يساعد على تطوير أدمغتهم، يجب تشجيعهم على الاستمرار. إذا كانوا يستخدمون المكعبات أو يحلون الألغاز، فهم في الواقع يمارسون حل المشكلات، مما يساعد على بناء الروابط العصبية في الدماغ.
19:48
لذا، من الجيد ترك مشاريعهم قائمة حتى يتمكنوا من الاستمرار فيها لاحقًا بدلاً من تفكيكها في نهاية اليوم، سواء في المدرسة أو المنزل. يمكن تشجيعهم من خلال طرح أسئلة مثل "إلى أين ستذهبون الآن؟ هل يمكنني الانضمام إليكم؟"، مما يعزز تفاعلهم وإبداعهم.
20:17
إذن، د. حباك، مما سمعناه، يبدو أن التعلم القائم على اللعب هو أفضل أسلوب تفاعلي يجب أن يتعرض له الأطفال في مراحلهم المبكرة.
20:47
في الواقع، الكثيرون يجادلون بأنه ليس فقط أفضل أسلوب، بل هو الأسلوب الوحيد الذي ينبغي استخدامه. وليس فقط في الطفولة المبكرة، بل طوال الحياة أيضًا. لذلك، عند اختيار بيئة تعليمية للأطفال، من المهم النظر إلى طبيعة المناهج الدراسية وما إذا كانت تعتمد على التعلم القائم على اللعب أم الأساليب التقليدية التي تعتمد على التلقين.
21:17
من المهم أيضًا التأكد من أن الأطفال يشعرون بالراحة والثقة في البيئة التعليمية، حيث أن بعض الأماكن قد تقول الأشياء الصحيحة، ولكن الأطفال لا يشعرون بالراحة هناك. لذا، من المهم الاستماع إلى الأطفال لأنهم يعبرون عن مشاعرهم بطرق غير مباشرة، مثل الشكوى من آلام المعدة عندما يشعرون بالقلق أو التوتر.
22:27
وأخيرًا، من الأمور المهمة للغاية تجربة اللعب في الهواء الطلق قدر الإمكان. فقد أظهرت العديد من الدراسات أن قضاء الوقت في الطبيعة يعزز جميع جوانب نمو الدماغ، بما في ذلك الصحة العقلية في المستقبل.
22:57
وأعتقد أنه من المهم أن نتذكر أنه كآباء، كل لحظة مع الطفل هي تجربة تعلم. في بعض الأحيان، قد نميل إلى تبسيط الأمور أكثر من اللازم خوفًا من استخدام كلمات معقدة، ولكن في الواقع، من الأفضل أن نتحدث معهم بشكل طبيعي، لأنهم يتعلمون في كل لحظة.
23:27
على سبيل المثال، في بعض الثقافات القبلية في أفريقيا، يستخدم الأطفال في عمر السنة المناجل تحت إشراف والديهم. هذا قد يبدو مخيفًا للبعض، لكنه يعكس مدى قدرة الأطفال على التعلم والتكيف. لذا، لا داعي لتبسيط الأمور أكثر من اللازم، بل يمكن استخدام كلمات بسيطة حتى يتعلموا الكلمات الأكثر تعقيدًا.
24:27
وإذا لم يفهموا شيئًا، فسوف يسألون "لماذا؟". كمعلمة في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة، كنت أسمع "لماذا؟" مرات لا تُحصى في اليوم، ولكن هذا طبيعي، فهو يعكس رغبتهم في التعلم والاستكشاف.
24:43
قد يكون من المرهق أحيانًا التعامل مع أسئلة الأطفال أو استكشافاتهم المستمرة، ولكن كل هذه السلوكيات تعكس عملية تفكيرهم ورغبتهم في التعلم، وهو أمر يجب دعمه بدلاً من قمعه.
25:13
شكرًا لكِ د. حباك، لقد استمتعنا حقًا بهذه المحادثة، وكانت فرصة رائعة للتعلم.
ملاحظة قانونية:
نحن مجرد أمهات مشغولات، ولسنا معالجين مرخصين. هذا البودكاست ليس بديلاً عن استشارة المتخصصين المؤهلين. إذا كنت بحاجة إلى مساعدة، يُرجى طلب المشورة المهنية.

Creators and Guests

Leah Arnold-Phillips
Host
Leah Arnold-Phillips
Entrepreneur and Co-Founder of The Wishing Tree Early Learning Group
Melissa Patrick
Host
Melissa Patrick
Entrepreneur and Co-Founder of The Wishing Tree Early Learning Group
Dr. Claudine Habak
Guest
Dr. Claudine Habak
Dr. Claudine Habak is a cognitive neuroscientist (Ph.D. Neuropsychology & Cognitive Science), working on perception, cognition, and wellbeing across the developmental lifespan (Child to Aging). She focuses on how context and experience interact with emotional-cognitive function to facilitate learning, creativity, and wellbeing, along with the role of empathy in student and educator relationships and wellness. She is Associate Professor of Counseling, Special Education, and Neuroscience at ECAE, where she co-founded the program in Educational Neuroscience and the Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit. She also works with educational organizations, such as the UNESCO regional center for educational planning (RCEP) and Educators without Borders.

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DISCLAIMER Growing Little Humans hosts and guests may hold assets discussed in this episode. The information provided in this podcast is for educational and informational purposes only. While we strive to present accurate and current information about early childhood development, this content is not intended as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of qualified professionals with any questions or concerns regarding your child’s health, education, or development. The views and opinions expressed by the hosts and guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of any affiliated organizations. By listening, you agree that neither the hosts, guests, nor the podcast shall be held liable for any decisions or actions taken based on the information provided. © 2025 Growing Little Humans